ICS
Introduction to Computer Science
Why was there a need to create a computer?
The need to create a computer arose from the human desire to solve problems faster, more accurately (درست طریقے سے), and more efficiently (مؤثر طریقے سے) than could be done by hand. As the world progressed, tasks became more complex (پیچیدہ) and required quicker processing and better memory than the human brain or manual tools could offer.
Key Reasons for Creating Computers:
- Speed:
Humans take time to calculate or process information. Computers can do millions of calculations in a second. - Accuracy:
Human work is prone (شکار) to errors. Computers, when programmed correctly, deliver highly accurate results. - Automation:
Repetitive (مکرر – بار بار دہرایا جانے والا) tasks like calculations, data entry, or even controlling machines can be done automatically by computers without getting tired. - Data Storage:
Computers can store massive (بڑے پیمانے پر) amounts of information—far more than humans can remember—and retrieve (بازیافت) it instantly (فوری طور پر) . - Complex Problem Solving:
In fields like science, engineering, and medicine, complex problems require tools that can handle large-scale data and mathematical models, which computers can do efficiently. - Communication and Connectivity:
Computers made global communication faster and easier, eventually (آخر کار) leading to the internet, emails, video calls, etc.
Summary:
Computers were created to enhance human capabilities (انسانی صلاحیتوں کو بڑھانا), reduce workload, increase productivity (پیداوری میں اضافہ), and make everyday tasks—both simple and complex—faster, easier, and more reliable (قابل اعتماد).
Who and When Was the First Computer Made?
The history of computers has two main milestones (دو اہم سنگ میل): one for the first mechanical computer and one for the first electronic computer.
🧠 1. First Mechanical Computer
- Who: Charles Babbage (British mathematician and inventor)
- When: Designed in the 1830s
- What: He designed the Analytical Engine (تجزیاتی انجن), considered (سمجھا جاتا ہے) the world’s first concept (تصور) of a general-purpose computer.
- Note: It was never fully built in his lifetime, but the design was laid ڈیزائن رکھا) The foundation (بنیاد) of modern computers.
⚡ 2. First Electronic Computer
- Who: John Presper Eckert and John Mauchly (American engineers)
- When: Completed in 1945
- What: ENIAC (Electronic Numerical Integrator and Computer)
- Where: United States
- Why Important: It was the first fully electronic, general-purpose computer. It could perform thousands of calculations per second and marked the real beginning of the computer age.
Summary:
| Type | Name | Inventor(s) | Year |
| Mechanical Computer | Analytical Engine | Charles Babbage | 1830s |
| Electronic Computer | ENIAC | J. Presper Eckert & John Mauchly | 1945 |
What is a computer?
💻 What is a Computer?
The word “Computer” is made up of two parts:
- Compute – which means to calculate, solve, or count (حل کرنا، شمار کرنا، گننا)
- Computer – means the one who solves or calculates (حل کرنے والا)
So, a computer is an electronic problem-solving device that:
- Takes input
- Processes the input according to given instructions (called a program)
- Gives output
- And can also store information for future use.
A computer has four main parts.
- CPU û (System Unit)ü
- Monitor (LCD)
- Keyboard
- Mouse
🖥️ What is a System Unit?
The System Unit is a box or casing that contains all the essential components of the computer, including the CPU chip, motherboard, RAM, and hard drive.
It comes in two common shapes:
🔹 1. Desktop:
- Lies flat on the table
- The monitor is usually placed on top of it
📌 Used in offices, schools, and homes.
🔹 2. Tower:
- Stands vertically like a tower
- Can be placed under or beside the desk
📌 Used when more power or extra components are needed.
📌 Urdu Tip:
System Unit ek dabba hota hai jisme computer ke andar ke tamam important parts hote hain. Ye do shaklon mein milta hai: Desktop (seedha letne wala) aur Tower (khara hone wala).
🖥️ Inside the System Unit Casing
The System Unit is the main part of the computer that contains all the important internal hardware components. These parts help the computer to think, remember, and store data.
🔧 Main Internal Parts of a System Unit:
🔹 1. Motherboard (مدر بورڈ):
- The main circuit board connects all parts of the computer.
- CPU, RAM, storage, and other components are attached to it.
📌 Urdu Tip:
Ye aik bara board hota hai jo tamam parts ko aapas mein jorna ka kaam karta hai.
2. CPU Chip (Processor – پروسیسر):
- Also called the brain of the computer. 🧠
- It processes all instructions, performs calculations, and runs software programs.
- It is mounted (installed) on the motherboard.
- A cooling unit or fan
is placed on top of the CPU to
prevent it from overheating.
📌 Urdu Tip:
CPU ya processor computer ka dimagh hota hai. Ye tamam hidaayat par amal karta hai. Ye motherboard par laga hota hai aur is ke upar aik fan ya cooling system hota hai jo ise garam hone se bachata hai.
🔹 3. RAM (Random Access Memory – عارضی یاداشت):
A type of temporary memory.
- Stores data only while the computer is on.
- Helps the computer work faster.
📌 Urdu Tip:
Jab computer band hota hai to RAM ka data delete ho jata hai.
🔹 4. Hard Drive / SSD (ہارڈ ڈرائیو یا SSD):
- Used to permanently store data like files,
programs, and the operating system.
- SSD is a faster and newer version of a hard drive.
📌 Urdu Tip:
Ye data ko hamesha ke liye save karta hai.
🔹 5. Power Supply Unit (PSU – بجلی کی سپلائی):
- Converts electricity from the wall socket into
usable power for the computer.
📌 Urdu Tip:
Ye tamam parts ko required voltage mein power deta hai.
🔹 6. Cooling Fan (ٹھنڈا رکھنے والا پنکھا):
- Keeps the system cool and prevents overheating.
📌 Urdu Tip:
Computer ko overheat hone se bachata hai.
- Optical Drive (CD (Compact Disc)/DVD (Digital versatile / video) disc) drive) – For reading discs (less common now)
- Expansion Cards – Graphics card, sound card, etc.
📝 Summary Table:
| Component | Function | Urdu Meaning |
| Motherboard | Connects all parts | مدر بورڈ |
| CPU Chip | Processes data | پروسیسر |
| RAM | Temporary memory | عارضی یاداشت |
| Hard Drive / SSD | Stores data permanently | مستقل یاداشت |
| Power Supply Unit | Provides power to all parts | بجلی کی فراہمی کا یونٹ |
| Cooling Fan | Keeps system cool | پنکھا / کولنگ سسٹم |